Profiling, in the context of software development, refers to the process of analyzing and measuring the performance characteristics of a program or system. It involves using application profiling tools to gather metrics like CPU usage, memory allocation, and execution time.

Continuous profiling takes things a step further by enabling real-time monitoring and detection of performance regressions. It allows developers to proactively address any emerging issues before they impact users.

To set up Continuous Profiling, navigate to the Getting Started - APM section.

Flame Graph

Flame Graphs displays the total amount of memory (in RAM) that each operation accrues in your distributed system. Each operation is an individual node and is presented in a hierarchical format. The longer the node, the more memory that operation has consumed. This view is useful for identifying common resource requests, quickly assessing performance hotspots, and filtering through specific services.

Continuous Profiling Table

The Continuous Profiling Table organizes the same data presented in the Flame Graph in a column-oriented representation. Each row in the table corresponds to an individual operation, with the Self column representing the amount of memory (in RAM) used when that operation fires once, and the Total column representing all of the memory used by that parent operation. This is useful for comparing the difference between the volume of memory being used for a single service compared to the total memory usage of the parent span.

Sandwich Graph

The Sandwich Graph allows you to break down your Flame Graph by parent and child functions. Parent functions are named Callers, which are the original functions in question. Child functions are named Callees, the functions that the original function in question has called. This is useful for mitigating redundancies across different function calls and reducing the total amount of memory used across your entire system.

Continuous Profiling Support Matrix

The following table shows what Continuous Profiling features are available per each APM:


	Profiling Query Type	Node.js	Go	Java	Ruby	.NET	PHP	Python	Next.js	Vercel	Cloudflare	Scala
Object Allocation	`memory:alloc_objects:count::`	✖️	✅	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️
Memory Allocation	`memory:alloc_space:bytes::`	✖️	✅	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️
Objects in Use	`memory:inuse_objects:count`	✅	✅	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✅	✅	✖️	✖️
Memory in Use	`memory:inuse_space:bytes`	✅	✅	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✅	✅	✖️	✖️
CPU Usage	`process_cpu:cpu:nanoseconds:cpu:nanoseconds`	✖️	✅	✅	✅	✖️	✖️	✅	✅	✅	✖️	✅
Wall-clock time	`wall:wall:nanoseconds:cpu:nanoseconds`	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✅	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️
Blocking Contentions	`block:contentions:count::`	✖️	✖️	✅	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✅
Blocking Delays	`block:delay:nanoseconds::`	✖️	✖️	✅	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✅
Bytes Allocated(TLAB)	`memory:alloc_in_new_tlab_bytes:bytes::`	✖️	✖️	✅	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✅
Objects Allocated(TLAB)	`memory:alloc_in_new_tlab_objects:count::`	✖️	✖️	✅	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✅

Profiling A Flask Web Application

Although this guide focuses on a Python-specific implementation, Middleware supports all major programming languages. You can find instructions for your language of choice in our APM Documentation.

Prerequisites

MW Agent Installed

The MW Host Agent must already be installed

VPS or Cloud Computer

Access to a VPS or a cloud computer service instance like EC2, Azure VM, or Digital Ocean Droplet

Create Your Flask App

calculations.py

calculations.py contains a set of functions that allows us to simulate a bottleneck, along with other functions that perform some mathematical calculations:

calc1 - a function with a quadratic time complexity.

calc2 - a function with a quadratic time complexity. It’s a bit different from calc 1 because it does not have the extra square root added to the value. Both calc1 and calc2 simply serve to demonstrate calc3 as a bottleneck.

calc3 - a function with a factorial time complexity.

efficient - a function that calls calc1 and calc2 and returns a sum of those functions.

with_bottlneck - a function that calls calc1 calc2 and calc3 and returns a sum of those functions. calc3 will be our bottleneck function in this example.

Python

    import math

    def calc1(n: int) -> int:
        value = 0
        for i in range(0, n):
            for j in range(0, n):
                value += math.sqrt(j)
                value += math.sqrt(i)
        return value

    def calc2(n: int) -> float:
        value = 0
        for i in range(0, n):
            for j in range(0, n):
                value += math.sqrt(j)
        return value

    def calc3(n: int) -> float:
        elements = list(range(1, n + 1))
        num_permutations = math.factorial(n)
        value = 0
        for i in range(num_permutations):
            value += sum(elements)
            j = n - 2
            while j >= 0 and elements[j] > elements[j + 1]:
                j -= 1

            if j == -1:
                break

            k = n - 1
            while elements[j] > elements[k]:
                k -= 1

            elements[j], elements[k] = elements[k], elements[j]

            left = j + 1
            right = n - 1
            while left < right:
                elements[left], elements[right] = elements[right], elements[left]
                left += 1
                right -= 1

        return value

    def efficient(n: int) -> float:
        value = 0
        value += calc1(n)
        value += calc2(n)
        return value

    def with_bottleneck(n: int) -> float:
        value = 0
        value += calc1(n)
        value += calc2(n)
        value += calc3(n)
        return value

app.py

app.py contains our Flask application with two endpoints.

/calculate1 - an endpoint designed to be faster than calculate2 and calls calculations.efficient()

/calculate2 - calls the calculations.with_bottleneck() function and is comparatively slower than the /calculate1 endpoint.

Python

    import calculations
    from flask import Flask
    import os

    # Required middleware import 
    from middleware import MwTracker
    tracker = MwTracker()

    app = Flask(__name__)
    app.secret_key = os.environ.get("FLASK_SECRET_KEY", default="Da!8j97ZZq^6Fe3y!D@U")

    @app.errorhandler(404)
    def not_found(e):
        return "<h1> 404 Not found </h1>"

    @app.route("/calculate1/<int:number>")
    def calculate1(number):
        value = calculations.efficient(number)
        return {"value": value}

    @app.route("/calculate2/<int:number>")
    def calculate2(number):
        value = calculations.with_bottleneck(number)
        return {"value": value}

wsgi.py

Finding a Bottleneck

After creating the application and deploying it to the platform of your choice, follow the steps from Python APM, login to middleware.io, and head to APM > Continuous Profiling.

To identify individual functions/methods that consume a significant amount of CPU time, click on the Table and Flamegraph section.

Within the table, sort the functions/methods by the amount of time they consume in descending order by clicking on the “Self” header.

In this example, it’s clear that the calc3 function is causing a notable bottleneck in our application.

By clicking on the function name calc3 in the table, the function will also be highlighted in the flame graph. This will show the call stack with caller functions at the top and callee functions going toward the bottom.

Next Steps

Need assistance or want to learn more about Middleware? Contact us at support[at]middleware.io.

On this page

Flame Graph
Continuous Profiling Table
Sandwich Graph
Continuous Profiling Support Matrix
Profiling A Flask Web Application
Prerequisites
Create Your Flask App
Finding a Bottleneck
Next Steps

To set up Continuous Profiling, navigate to the Getting Started - APM section.

Flame Graph

Continuous Profiling Table

Sandwich Graph

Continuous Profiling Support Matrix

The following table shows what Continuous Profiling features are available per each APM:


	Profiling Query Type	Node.js	Go	Java	Ruby	.NET	PHP	Python	Next.js	Vercel	Cloudflare	Scala
Object Allocation	`memory:alloc_objects:count::`	✖️	✅	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️
Memory Allocation	`memory:alloc_space:bytes::`	✖️	✅	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️
Objects in Use	`memory:inuse_objects:count`	✅	✅	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✅	✅	✖️	✖️
Memory in Use	`memory:inuse_space:bytes`	✅	✅	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✅	✅	✖️	✖️
CPU Usage	`process_cpu:cpu:nanoseconds:cpu:nanoseconds`	✖️	✅	✅	✅	✖️	✖️	✅	✅	✅	✖️	✅
Wall-clock time	`wall:wall:nanoseconds:cpu:nanoseconds`	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✅	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️
Blocking Contentions	`block:contentions:count::`	✖️	✖️	✅	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✅
Blocking Delays	`block:delay:nanoseconds::`	✖️	✖️	✅	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✅
Bytes Allocated(TLAB)	`memory:alloc_in_new_tlab_bytes:bytes::`	✖️	✖️	✅	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✅
Objects Allocated(TLAB)	`memory:alloc_in_new_tlab_objects:count::`	✖️	✖️	✅	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✖️	✅

Profiling A Flask Web Application

Although this guide focuses on a Python-specific implementation, Middleware supports all major programming languages. You can find instructions for your language of choice in our APM Documentation.

Prerequisites

MW Agent Installed

The MW Host Agent must already be installed

VPS or Cloud Computer

Access to a VPS or a cloud computer service instance like EC2, Azure VM, or Digital Ocean Droplet

Create Your Flask App

calculations.py

calculations.py contains a set of functions that allows us to simulate a bottleneck, along with other functions that perform some mathematical calculations:

calc1 - a function with a quadratic time complexity.

calc3 - a function with a factorial time complexity.

efficient - a function that calls calc1 and calc2 and returns a sum of those functions.

with_bottlneck - a function that calls calc1 calc2 and calc3 and returns a sum of those functions. calc3 will be our bottleneck function in this example.

Python

    import math

    def calc1(n: int) -> int:
        value = 0
        for i in range(0, n):
            for j in range(0, n):
                value += math.sqrt(j)
                value += math.sqrt(i)
        return value

    def calc2(n: int) -> float:
        value = 0
        for i in range(0, n):
            for j in range(0, n):
                value += math.sqrt(j)
        return value

    def calc3(n: int) -> float:
        elements = list(range(1, n + 1))
        num_permutations = math.factorial(n)
        value = 0
        for i in range(num_permutations):
            value += sum(elements)
            j = n - 2
            while j >= 0 and elements[j] > elements[j + 1]:
                j -= 1

            if j == -1:
                break

            k = n - 1
            while elements[j] > elements[k]:
                k -= 1

            elements[j], elements[k] = elements[k], elements[j]

            left = j + 1
            right = n - 1
            while left < right:
                elements[left], elements[right] = elements[right], elements[left]
                left += 1
                right -= 1

        return value

    def efficient(n: int) -> float:
        value = 0
        value += calc1(n)
        value += calc2(n)
        return value

    def with_bottleneck(n: int) -> float:
        value = 0
        value += calc1(n)
        value += calc2(n)
        value += calc3(n)
        return value

app.py

app.py contains our Flask application with two endpoints.

/calculate1 - an endpoint designed to be faster than calculate2 and calls calculations.efficient()

/calculate2 - calls the calculations.with_bottleneck() function and is comparatively slower than the /calculate1 endpoint.

Python

    import calculations
    from flask import Flask
    import os

    # Required middleware import 
    from middleware import MwTracker
    tracker = MwTracker()

    app = Flask(__name__)
    app.secret_key = os.environ.get("FLASK_SECRET_KEY", default="Da!8j97ZZq^6Fe3y!D@U")

    @app.errorhandler(404)
    def not_found(e):
        return "<h1> 404 Not found </h1>"

    @app.route("/calculate1/<int:number>")
    def calculate1(number):
        value = calculations.efficient(number)
        return {"value": value}

    @app.route("/calculate2/<int:number>")
    def calculate2(number):
        value = calculations.with_bottleneck(number)
        return {"value": value}

wsgi.py

Finding a Bottleneck

After creating the application and deploying it to the platform of your choice, follow the steps from Python APM, login to middleware.io, and head to APM > Continuous Profiling.

To identify individual functions/methods that consume a significant amount of CPU time, click on the Table and Flamegraph section.

Within the table, sort the functions/methods by the amount of time they consume in descending order by clicking on the “Self” header.

In this example, it’s clear that the calc3 function is causing a notable bottleneck in our application.

Next Steps

Need assistance or want to learn more about Middleware? Contact us at support[at]middleware.io.

On this page

Flame Graph
Continuous Profiling Table
Sandwich Graph
Continuous Profiling Support Matrix
Profiling A Flask Web Application
Prerequisites
Create Your Flask App
Finding a Bottleneck
Next Steps

​Flame Graph

​Continuous Profiling Table

​Sandwich Graph

​Continuous Profiling Support Matrix

​Profiling A Flask Web Application

​Prerequisites

​Create Your Flask App

​Finding a Bottleneck

​Next Steps

Middleware Docs

​Flame Graph

​Continuous Profiling Table

​Sandwich Graph

​Continuous Profiling Support Matrix

​Profiling A Flask Web Application

​Prerequisites

​Create Your Flask App

​Finding a Bottleneck

​Next Steps

Flame Graph

Continuous Profiling Table

Sandwich Graph

Continuous Profiling Support Matrix

Profiling A Flask Web Application

Prerequisites

Create Your Flask App

Finding a Bottleneck

Next Steps

Flame Graph

Continuous Profiling Table

Sandwich Graph

Continuous Profiling Support Matrix

Profiling A Flask Web Application

Prerequisites

Create Your Flask App

Finding a Bottleneck

Next Steps